Blepharospasm

Involuntary, sustained and forceful closure of eyelids. Etiology Essential (spontaneous) blepharospasm Rare, idiopathic 45-65 years Reflex blepharospasm Reflex sensory stimulation through branches of Vth Nerve Phlyctenular keratitis Interstitial keratitis Corneal foreign body Corneal ulcers Iridocyclitis Presentation Persistent epiphora Edema of lids Spastic entropion (elderly) Spastic ectropion (children & young adults) Blepharophimosis Management Essential Blepharospasm Botulinum toxin…

Retinal artery occlusion

Ocular emergency caused by occlusion of retinal artery with resultant infarction of the retina resulting in profound, usually monocular vision loss, and is associated with significant functional morbidity

Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA)

Spondyloarthritis (SpA) encompasses a group of rheumatic disorders that share clinical, genetic and radiographic features and includes psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis and arthritis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Retinoblastoma

Rare cancer usually initiated by biallelic mutation of the retinoblastoma gene (RB1) in a single susceptible developing retinal cell.